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There are two commonly accepted meanings of jihad: an inner spiritual struggle and an outer physical struggle. "[86] Guru Nanak described living an "active, creative, and practical life" of "truthfulness, fidelity, self-control and purity" as being higher than a purely contemplative life.

Some Islamic scholars dispute the authenticity of this reference and consider the meaning of jihad as a holy war to be more important.

Surveys of the definition of the term, as used in scholarly research, show a broad range of definitions with limited overlap. What is the definition of “biblical conviction”? They are (1) the creed (shahadah), (2) daily prayers (salat), (3) almsgiving (zakah), (4) fasting during Ramadan and (5) the pilgrimage to Mecca (hajj) at least once-in-a-lifetime. [40] The term "spiritual" is now frequently used in contexts in which the term "religious" was formerly employed. 1. Rabbinic Judaism (or in some Christian traditions,[which?]

The man [sic] who can centre his thoughts and hopes upon something transcending self can find a certain peace in the ordinary troubles of life which is impossible to the pure egoist." An important influence on western spirituality was Neo-Vedanta, also called neo-Hinduism[34] and Hindu Universalism,[web 7] a modern interpretation of Hinduism which developed in response to western colonialism and orientalism. Since the scientific revolution of the 18th-century Enlightenment, the relationship of science to religion[126][127][128][page needed] and to spirituality[citation needed] has developed in complex ways. The 14th Dalai Lama, for example, has proposed that if a scientific analysis conclusively showed certain claims in Buddhism to be false, then the claims must be abandoned and the findings of science accepted. see). [36] Due to the colonisation of Asia by the western world, since the 19th century an exchange of ideas has been taking place between the western world and Asia, which also influenced western religiosity. (2008) Research on religion, spirituality, and mental health: A review. Monier-Williams Sanskrit-English Dictionary. This populist emotional revival accompanied the elite ideal of nullification to paradoxical Divine Panentheism, through intellectual articulation of inner dimensions of mystical thought. [88] According to the 9th Sikh Guru, Tegh Bahadhur, the ideal Sikh should have both Shakti (power that resides in the temporal), and Bhakti (spiritual meditative qualities). It is this biblical/spiritual element, at least in part, that makes the marks of Christian leadership distinctively Christian. [122], Kees Waaijman discerns four forms of spiritual practices:[123], Spiritual practices may include meditation, mindfulness, prayer, the contemplation of sacred texts, ethical development,[104]

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