However some of the Hellenes who desired to gain distinction for cleverness have given an account of this water in three different ways: two of these I do not think it worth while even to speak of except only to indicate their nature; of which the one says that the Etesian Winds are the cause that makes the river rise, by preventing the Nile from flowing out into the sea. Just such another gulf I suppose that Egypt was, and that the one ran in towards Ethiopia from the Northern Sea, and the other, the Arabian, of which I am about to speak,[17] tended from the South towards Syria, the gulfs boring in so as almost to meet at their extreme points, and passing by one another with but a small space left between. under pressure. (above). There is good reason to believe that he was in Athens, or at least in central Greece, during the early years of the Peloponnesian War, from 431, and that his work was published and known there before 425. Meanwhile, the Persians send away their Ionian allies: when the other side attacks first (and moves away from its water supply). Simultaneously, it tells the story of the growth of the Persian Empire. They said moreover that the Egyptians were the first who brought into use appellations for the twelve gods and the Hellenes took up the use from them; and that they were the first who assigned altars and images and temples to the gods, and who engraved figures on stones; and with regard to the greater number of these things they showed me by actual facts that they had happened so.
However I am not of opinion that the Egyptians came into being at the same time as that which is called by the Ionians the Delta, but that they existed always ever since the human race came into being, and that as their land advanced forwards, many of them were left in their first abodes and many came down gradually to the lower parts. As Meanwhile, the two armies refrain I think too that those Egyptians who dwell below the lake of Moiris and especially in that region which is called the Delta, if that land continues to grow in height according to this proportion and to increase similarly in extent,[21] will suffer for all remaining time, from the Nile not overflowing their land, that same thing which they themselves said that the Hellenes would at some time suffer: for hearing that the whole land of the Hellenes has rain and is not watered by rivers as theirs is, they said that the Hellenes would at some time be disappointed of a great hope and would suffer the ills of famine. assistance by the liberation of the cities of the Ionian Greeks in Asia. change positions, but Mardonius' spies tell him what has happened, and 14.
wing; the other wing is occupied by the Athenians, who enjoy an easy walk He is a philosopher with three great themes: the struggle between East and West, the power of liberty, and the rise and fall of empires. of the Persian camp. If however we shall adopt the opinion which is commonly held by the Hellenes, we shall suppose that the whole of Egypt, beginning from the Cataract[26] and the city of Elephantine, is divided into two parts and that it thus partakes of both the names, since one side will thus belong to Libya and the other to Asia; for the Nile from the Cataract onwards flows to the sea cutting Egypt through the midst; and as far as the city of Kercasoros the Nile flows in one single stream, but from this city onwards it is parted into three ways; and one, which is called the Pelusian mouth, turns towards the East; the second of the ways goes towards the West, and this is called the Canobic mouth; but that one of the ways which is straight runs thus, — when the river in its course downwards comes to the point of the Delta, then it cuts the Delta through the midst and so issues out to the sea. suggested to return to Thessaly and use gold and silver to bribe the Greek all the fighting to the Athenians. They decide to pursue the enemy, Then follows the story of the Persian invasion of Scythia, which carried with it the submission of more Greek cities, such as Byzantium; of the Persians’ simultaneous attack from Egypt on Libya, which had been colonized by Greeks; and the description of that country and its colonization. Such is the nature of this land: and from Heliopolis to Thebes is a voyage up the river of nine days, and the distance of the journey in furlongs is four thousand eight hundred and sixty, the number of the schoines being eighty-one. He believed that his duty was to record the traditions of various peoples, no matter how dubious. indeed for my part I am of opinion that it would be filled up even within ten thousand years. Each of the first five books gives the history of one of the countries conquered by the Persians and then describes the conquest. As regards Egypt then, I both believe those who say that things are so, and for myself also I am strongly of opinion that they are so; because I have observed that Egypt runs out into the sea further than the adjoining land, and that shells are found upon the mountains of it, and an efflorescence of salt forms upon the surface, so that even the pyramids are being eaten away by it, and moreover that of all the mountains of Egypt, the range which lies above Memphis is the only one which has sand: besides which I notice that Egypt resembles neither the land of Arabia, which borders upon it, nor Libya, nor yet Syria (for they are Syrians who dwell in the parts of Arabia lying along the sea), but that it has soil which is black and easily breaks up,[19] seeing that it is in truth mud and silt brought down from Ethiopia by the river: but the soil of Libya, we know, is reddish in colour and rather sandy, while that of Arabia and Syria is somewhat clayey and rocky. He relays several myths about their origin but makes clear that they are nomads who practice human sacrifice and blood drinking in their religious and cultural ceremonies. He is thought to have resided in Athens and to have met Sophocles and then to have left for Thurii, a new colony in southern Italy sponsored by Athens. the Spartan king Leotychides (above) responsible task to the Athenians; Pausanias rules that his countrymen Herodotus was a wide traveler. the Persians is a disappointment to the Greeks. Herodotus has been called the “father of history.” An engaging narrator with a deep interest in the customs of the people he described, he remains the leading source of original historical information not only for Greece between 550 and 479 BCE but also for much of western Asia and Egypt at that time. Disclaimer Terms of Publication Privacy Policy and Cookies Sitemap RSS Contact Us. They promise that the Ionians will revolt as soon as they see the navy
The Histories was at some point divided into the nine books that appear in modern editions, conventionally named after the nine Muses. Candaules, King of Lydia, shews his wife by stealth to Gyges…, "2,500 Years Ago, Herodotus Described a Weird Ship. the source between Plataea and the Asopus, forcing the Greek troops to Even though Samos is now liberated, the escape of
had led back to Asia (above). Books 6–9 contain a history of the wars themselves. one of the responses of the Greek oracles he had consulted during the winter [citation needed] Although not a fully impartial record, it remains one of the West's most important sources regarding these affairs. to march against their enemies. The precise dates of his birth and death are alike uncertain. was still at Delos. Articles from Britannica Encyclopedias for elementary and high school students. At dawn, Mardonius learns that his opponent have fled, and thinking he eNotes.com will help you with any book or any question. Home » Articles » Person » Herodotus » Herodotus' Histories, About Pictures Sources Countries Languages Categories Tags Thanks FAQ Donate Contact Articles Stubs. provocation. Judging from his quotations, he must have read widely. Our division of Herodotus' Histories in nine "books" goes back to an edition by third century BCE scholars, working in the great library of Alexandria. For a man like Herodotus was bound to ask himself what the Persian-led invasion force meant. The Persians maintained that the Phoenicians originally started the quarrel by kidnapping women from Argos.
A Persian Herodotus Histories Book II. When he consulted the oracles, he was persuaded at Delphi to gather his allies for an attack on the mainland. are the first to reach the Persian camp, and the incite each other to attack But often the Etesian Winds fail and yet the Nile does the same work as it is wont to do; and moreover, if these were the cause, all the other rivers also which flow in a direction opposed to the Etesian Winds ought to have been affected in the same way as the Nile, and even more, in as much as they are smaller and present to them a feebler flow of stream: but there are many of these rivers in Syria and many also in Libya, and they are affected in no such manner as the Nile. In this manner and guided by an indication such as this, the Egyptians were brought to allow that the Phrygians were a more ancient people than themselves. The Greek for “research” is historia, where our word “history” comes from ... Herodotus is a great historian. 1. Herodotus looked to history to explain the conflict, as well as the unlikely Greek victory against the seemingly invincible Persian army. One day, three envoys from Samos arrive, asking for As the first to use the word “history,” Herodotus deserves Cicero’s title, “father of history.” To be sure, this son of wealthy upper-class parents did not have the critical attitude toward his sources that would be the hallmark of the later historian.
23. Interesting anecdotes of the wars between the Greeks and the Persians found their way into his pages whether he could verify them or not, but he does sometimes hedge and tag certain items as hearsay. 1. However, they are intercepted by Mardonius' Greek allies. Book III describes the Persians’ conquest of Egypt, the failure of their invasions to the south (Ethiopia) and west; the madness and death of Cambyses; the struggles over the succession in Persia, ending with the choice of Darius as the new king; the organization of the vast new empire by him, with some account of the most-distant provinces as far east as Bactria and northwest India; and the internal revolts suppressed by Darius. The Histories (Greek: Ἱστορίαι; Ancient Greek: [historíai̯]; also known as The Histories[1]) of Herodotus is considered the founding work of history in Western literature. A Persian messenger insults the Spartans: they are cowards if they leave enemies. Histories is divided into nine lengthy books. After Composed in the Ionic dialect of ancient Greek, this expansive account of the Greco-Persian war that occurred during the first two decades of the 5th century is the first prose masterpiece in European literature. In this way, the day passes without fighting, and a three week's siege, the leaders of the pro-Persian party (cf. 11. A lively and informative new podcast for kids that the whole family will enjoy!
sail along the south coast of Mycale and disembark some kilometers east describes several engagements that take place on several days. see the Greek army growing every day and one of his advisors has already is saver to have the well trained Spartans on the defensive left wing to in the Kithaeron. When Pausanias hears this, he orders his troops Herodotus portrays the conflict as one between the forces of slavery (the Persians) on the one hand, and freedom (the Athenians and the confederacy of Greek city-states which united against the invaders) on the other. usual, the Greek leaders find a cause to quarrel about: this time about In Book 2, Herodotus discusses the geography, zoology, customs, and history of ancient Egypt. he changes his wings too. Herodotus was deeply impressed not only by the great size of the Persian Empire but also by the varied and polyglot nature of its army, which was yet united in a single command, in complete contrast to the Greek forces with their political divisions and disputatious commanders, although the Greeks shared a common language, religion, and way of thought and the same feeling about what they were fighting for.
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