Their area of distribution ranges from the Persian Gulf to Japan, southwards to Indonesia, New Guinea, Australia and Polynesia (Maps 9 & 10). Unreliable citations may be challenged or deleted.
Curator and Supervisor, Division of Reptiles and Amphibians, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C., 1966–72. They are typically found in Indo-Australian and Southeast Asian waters. Hydrophis is a genus of sea snakes. It is a true snake and gets its common name from the color of its skin. The tail of sea snakes is laterally flattened, while that of terrestrial snakes is normally round. Snake Taxonomy EN SUPERFAMILY. Inland Taipan Venom vs. Sea Snakes Venom (most notable. A bite of these snakes should always be considered life-threatening. Hydrophis belcheri, commonly known as the faint-banded sea snake or Belcher's sea snake, is an extremely venomous species of elapid sea snake. The ventral scales are very narrow, only slightly wider than the dorsal scales. Our editors will review what you’ve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. Like the members of the Elapinae, the Hydrophiinae also have proteroglyphous dentition. The oldest known fossil snake, Eophis underwoodi , was a small snake that lived in southern England about 167 million years ago. The head is short and has bands of the same colours. Its common names include golden sea snake, olive sea snake, and olive-brown sea … Snakes are thought to have evolved from terrestrial lizards as early as the Middle Jurassic Epoch (174.1 million to 163.5 million years ago). Please expand the article to include this information.
If they bite, the bite is almost painless, an envenomation can be overlooked until it is too late. Although their venom is the most potent of all snakes, human fatalities are rare. Commonly known as Stokes' seasnake, Astrotia stokesii is a large species of sea snake found in tropical Indo-Pacific oceanic waters. Author of.
For many years, it was placed in the monotypic genus Pelamis, but recent molecular evidence indicates it lies within the genus Hydrophis Hydrophis comes from Greek ὕδωρ, hydōr = water + ὄφις, ophis = serpent.
Beolens, Bo; Watkins, Michael; Grayson, Michael (2011). Although snakebite mortality worldwide is estimated at 30,000–40,000 people per year, the majority of deaths (25,000–35,000) occur in Southeast Asia, principally because of poor medical treatment, malnutrition of victims, and a large number of venomous species. Order Squamata (snakes and lizards), Family Elapidae (sea snakes and relatives) Share. The probability of being bitten by a sea snake is highest among fishermen. Rattlesnakes, for example, are venomous, and large ones are quite dangerous owing to the amount of venom they can inject. This despite the fact that there is undoubtedly greater acceptance of medical facilities than in Reid's days. However, a visit to the Penang General Hospital nowadays makes it clear that sea snake bites are only a very rare reason for admission to the hospital. Sea snakes prey on fish (including eels) and crustaceans.
To date the only systematic investigations of the epidemiology and clinical course of sea snake bites have come from Penang, northwest Malaysia (Reid and Lim 1957, Reid 1975b, see Enydrina schistosa and Hydrophis spp.). Smith 1926, Dunson 1975a, Reid 1975b, Heatwole 1987, 1999, Limpus 1987, Gasperetti 1988, O'Shea 2005, Cnidarians (Jellyfish, Corals and Anemones). Usually those bitten are fishermen handling nets, although only one-quarter of those bitten are envenomated since the snake rarely injects much of its venom. Sea Snake Reproduction. Some taxonomists responded by moving the sea snakes to the Elapidae, thereby crea… The banded sea krait is a sea snake that lives on coral reefs in the eastern Indian and western Pacific oceans. Associate Professor Bryan Grieg Fry, a prominent venom expert, has clarified the error: "The hook nosed myth was due to a fundamental error in a book called 'Snakes in question'. The so-called California sea snake is actually the yellow-bellied sea snake. It is interesting to note that, although most people profess to fear or hate snakes, one of the most visited areas of any zoo is the snake house—proof that snakes are mysterious and fascinating, even if they are loathed. On the basis of their morphological characteristics and the composition of their venoms they appear to be closely related to the Australian elapids, which have likewise been included in the Hydrophiinae subfamily in recent years. Binomial name: Hydrophis stokesii, John Edward Gray, 1846. Its mouth is very small but suitable for aquatic life. Nearly every culture since prehistoric times (including various present-day cultures) has worshipped, revered, or feared snakes.
The risks for fishermen depend on the methods used. An individual living in the hot, humid tropics of Africa, with comparatively constant temperatures close to optimum throughout the year and ample moisture from both rainfall and the surroundings, faces environmental problems that are overwhelmingly biotic, involving competition with other members of its own species for food, the challenge from other species of snakes and perhaps other vertebrates for possession of the ecological niche, and constant pressure of the predators that find it a tasty morsel. On the one hand this can be attributed to the fact that until now there have only been a very small number of very regional epidemiological investigations, and on the other to the fact that many sea snakes display hardly any defensive behaviour and do not even bite when greatly provoked. A couple of species are specialised in eating fish eggs. It gets its common name from the dark, vertical bars (bands) that streak an otherwise white body. Although there are 8,000 venomous snakebites per year in the United States, the average number of annual fatalities is only a dozen or so per year—fewer than are attributed to bee stings and lightning strikes. Disclaimer, *) Not including the nominate subspecies (typical form).
Stokes' sea snake. In the Philippines hundreds of thousands of individuals of the species Laticauda laticauda and L. semifasciata gather on certain islands during the breeding season and are caught in large numbers for commercial uses (especially for leather production). As most accidents occur during fishing, it is particularly important to take care when emptying nets. A lively and informative new podcast for kids that the whole family will enjoy! The fangs of most of the other species are, however, sufficiently long to cause envenoming in humans. Length Adult; up to 200 cm ref; Length Newborn; 29 cm ref; Reproduction; oviparous ref; Pupil Shape (when closed!) subcutaneous vs. intramuscular vs intravenous vs intraperitoneal). Others are specialised in eating certain fish species. Google+. Get exclusive access to content from our 1768 First Edition with your subscription.
4.49 Simple morphological characteristics to distinguish between snake-like fishes (a), sea snakes (b) and terrestrial snakes (c). When approached or molested, they will coil up and rattle as a warning to be left alone, striking only as a last resort. As a result, about 40 percent of bites suffered by humans are defensive in nature and “dry” (without envenomation).
If they bite, the bite is almost painless, an envenomation can be overlooked until it is too late. Moreover, this percentage does not reflect the real situation, as in a group of hospital patients there will always be a bias in favour of cases of clinically relevant envenoming. All snakes lack external limbs, but not all legless reptiles are snakes. Description. The only species of sea snake that lives on the open sea, Pelamis platurus, has a distribution area that is far more extensive than that of the other Hydrophiinae. Pinterest. Compared to their terrestrial venomous counterparts, the viperids, crotalids and elapids, sea snakes have a much lower impact on human health throughout the world. 4.49).
Acrochordidae (Wart snakes, 3 species) GENUS. The specific name, belcheri, commemorates the Nova Scotian, Royal Navy Captain, later Admiral, Sir Edward Belcher KCB, RN (1799-1877)[10] who collected the holotype.[1]. Sea snake, any of more than 60 species of highly venomous marine snakes of the cobra family (Elapidae). (Taylor and Francis, printers).
The broad ventral shields that are characteristic of terrestrial snakes are reduced to smaller scales in most sea snakes. The total length of the largest measured specimen was 1130mm (unsexed). Although not much is known about the venom of this species,[2] its LD50 toxicity in mice has been determined to be 0.24 mg/kg[3] when delivered intramuscularly. Sea snakes are easy to distinguish from eel-like fishes because they lack gills and fins, and the characteristic flat tail makes it impossible to mistake them for a terrestrial snake (Fig. Acrochordoidea (Wart snakes, 3 species) FAMILY. As the mode can influence the relative number, venoms can only be compared within a mode. Sea snakes are true snakes, and they are often deadly.
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